International Gold Nanoparticles Definition
International gold nanoparticles are defined as metallic nanoparticles composed primarily of gold atoms with a diameter ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). These nanoparticles exhibit unique optical, electronic, and chemical properties due to their nanoscale dimensions and the collective behavior of their constituent atoms.
Key Characteristics:
* Composition: Primarily gold atoms
* Size: 1-100 nm in diameter
* Shape: Can vary, including spherical, rod-shaped, and star-shaped
* Surface: Can be functionalized with various molecules or ligands to modify their properties
Optical Properties:
* Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR): Gold nanoparticles exhibit a strong absorption of light at specific wavelengths due to the collective oscillation of electrons on their surface. The wavelength of SPR depends on the size, shape, and surrounding medium of the nanoparticles.
Electronic Properties:
* High Electrical Conductivity: Gold nanoparticles are highly conductive, allowing them to be used in electronics and sensor applications.
* Quantum Size Effects: At the nanoscale, the electronic properties of gold nanoparticles change due to quantum confinement effects. This results in unique optical and electrical properties, including fluorescence and enhanced catalytic activity.
Chemical Properties:
* Biocompatibility: Gold nanoparticles are generally biocompatible, making them suitable for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and imaging.
* Catalytic Activity: Gold nanoparticles possess catalytic properties that can be exploited for various chemical reactions, such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrogenation.
Applications:
International gold nanoparticles have a wide range of applications across various fields:
* Electronics: High-performance transistors, solar cells, and sensors
* Biomedicine: Drug delivery systems, biosensors, and imaging agents
* Materials Science: Novel materials with tailored optical and electrical properties
* Catalysis: Catalysts for industrial processes and environmental remediation
Standardization:
Currently, there is no universal standard for the definition and characterization of international gold nanoparticles. However, efforts are underway to establish guidelines and harmonize measurement techniques to ensure consistency and reproducibility in research and industry.
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